Plastic pollution is accelerating environmental degradation, harming human health and threatening economic stability in developing nations, according to the latest report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.

The study, led by Curtin University researcher Atiq Zaman, finds microplastics in human blood and brain tissue and estimates annual damage to global ecosystems at $2.2 trillion.

The report, “Plastic Substitution in Developing Countries: Sectoral Opportunities and Challenges,” examines the potential for replacing traditional plastics in food export packaging, fishing gear and agricultural applications in Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, and Fiji.

It calls for a transition to circular economy models backed by targeted policies and local innovation.

“There is no one-size-fits-all solution,” Zaman said. “But sustainable plastic substitutes already exist in many local contexts — we just need to enable their scale-up and adoption through the right policies and infrastructure.”

Food Packaging: Cocoa Trade Undermined by Plastic Waste

In Ghana and Nigeria, cocoa exports rely heavily on plastic packaging, particularly for processed products like butter and powder. Raw cocoa beans are typically transported in jute sacks lined with plastic for moisture protection.

While these materials preserve quality during long-distance transport, they contribute to long-term plastic waste problems. Ghana, which exports $2 billion in cocoa annually and employs more than 800,000 smallholder farmers, is exploring ways to integrate its existing cocoa waste value chain into sustainable packaging production.

The report proposes alternatives such as biodegradable liners for jute sacks, compostable sacks with moisture-resistant biofilms and recyclable aluminum containers coated with natural wax.

Natural fibers like seaweed, hemp, and bamboo are also being explored for packaging applications. Researchers highlight the potential for South-South cooperation, particularly with Bangladesh, a leader in jute-based biopolymer development.

Ghost Gear Threatens Fiji’s Marine Ecosystem

In Fiji, plastic fishing gear has enhanced catch efficiency but has become one of the largest contributors to marine plastic pollution.

So-called “ghost gear” — abandoned, lost or discarded fishing nets — poses ecological and economic threats to the island nation, where marine ecosystems underpin both food security and tourism.

The UNCTAD report recommends developing biodegradable fishing gear adapted to local water conditions, alongside tracking systems using global positioning systems and stronger gear loss reporting mechanisms.

University research into bioblends and local recycling of nets are seen as key to reducing the environmental burden.

“In places like Fiji, the stakes are high. Marine pollution directly undermines economic resilience,” Zaman said.

Kenya’s Farms Choking on Plastic Mulch

In Kenya, plastic mulch films and seedling tubes have become widespread in commercial and smallholder farming, particularly in horticulture.

While these plastics improve yields by retaining moisture and controlling weeds, their disposal presents significant challenges. Often left to fragment in fields, they can leach microplastics into soil and groundwater.

The study highlights Kenya’s abundance of agricultural residues as a strength, offering an opportunity to transition to organic mulching practices. Alternatives like biodegradable mulch films and cellulose-based seedling tubes are also under consideration, though concerns remain about their cost, degradation rates and potential toxicity.

“The focus must be on what’s viable and scalable within the local context,” Zaman said. “In Kenya, organic mulch from crop waste is not only feasible—it improves soil health and aligns with climate-smart agriculture goals.”

Policy Roadmap: Local Solutions, Global Standards

The report urges policymakers to introduce Extended Producer Responsibility laws that require businesses to manage the lifecycle of their packaging.

Deposit-return schemes, composting incentives, and regulatory standards for biodegradability are also recommended.

In countries with weak waste infrastructure, local production of substitute materials and clear product standards could accelerate a shift away from plastic dependence.

While the global market for plastic substitutes reached $388 billion in 2020, many African and Pacific Island countries lack the infrastructure or capital to capitalize on these alternatives.

The authors emphasize that building capacity, not simply banning plastics, is essential for long-term sustainability.

“Local innovation exists,” Zaman said. “What’s missing is enabling policy, investment and collaboration.”

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